The idea that certain Ganas reside in subterranean realms is a fascinating and lesser-explored aspect of Shaivite mythology. Hindu scriptures, especially Puranic and Tantric texts, provide hints about hidden worlds where divine and semi-divine beings reside, emerging only when invoked through specific rituals, mantras, or cosmic events.

What are these subterranean realms?

In Hindu cosmology, the universe is divided into multiple lokas (realms), including higher celestial worlds, the earthly plane, and subterranean dimensions known as the Patala Lokas. Some Ganas are believed to inhabit these realms, particularly in the deeper, esoteric layers of reality. Patala Loka is one of the seven lower worlds (Atala, Vitala, Sutala, Talatala, Mahatala, Rasatala, and Patala). These are said to be home to Nagas (serpent deities), Asuras (demons), and certain Ganas.

Bhuta Loka is a spectral plane where spirits, ghosts, and certain divine beings reside, often called upon for supernatural assistance. Some esoteric Shaivite traditions speak of hidden Shivalayas beneath the earth, where certain Ganas are stationed as guardians of tantric knowledge. These subterranean worlds are not necessarily hellish but are mystical spaces that exist beyond ordinary human perception.

Which Ganas reside in these realms?

Not all Ganas dwell in Kailasa; some are believed to exist in these hidden realms, either as guardians or secretive entities who emerge only when required. The Bhuta-Ganas, associated with Shiva’s darker, spectral aspects, inhabit Bhuta Loka and are called upon during certain Tantric rituals. Some are said to dwell in ancient caves, underground temples, and uncharted regions beneath sacred rivers and mountains. The Pisacha-Ganas, linked to Patala and cremation grounds (shmashana), guard powerful mantras and protect mystic sages who practice extreme penances.

They surface during Shiva’s wrathful manifestations or when devotees seek aid in overcoming dark forces. Some Rakshasa-Ganas belong to Talatala or Rasatala, two lower realms inhabited by Rakshasas and powerful demonic forces. Virabhadra, one of Shiva’s fiercest manifestations, is said to command some of these Ganas when cosmic battles occur. These Ganas emerge during divine wars or rituals performed by advanced Shaivite practitioners.

Mentions in ancient texts

The Shiva Purana describes how certain Ganas were stationed in subterranean caves to protect hidden lingas and sacred Shiva temples. It mentions that advanced sages (siddhas) would invoke these beings for secret teachings. The Linga Purana talks about Ganas who serve as guardians of Shiva’s Agamic knowledge in hidden realms beneath Mount Meru. Some Ganas are described as being asleep in cosmic meditation (yoganidra), awakening when a devotee is ready to receive esoteric wisdom.

Tantric texts, particularly from the Kaula and Aghora traditions, discuss specific rituals where certain Ganas must be invoked from subterranean realms using special chants and offerings. Some texts claim that caves beneath Kashi, Ujjain, and Kedarnath hold entrances to these hidden dimensions.

How do these Ganas emerge?

The subterranean Ganas are not visible to ordinary humans but can be called upon through various means. Advanced Shaivite practitioners use esoteric chants, known as Tantric Mantras, to summon specific Ganas for protection or knowledge. Certain Ganas surface when Shiva takes his fierce forms (Rudra, Mahakala, Virabhadra). Some believe that caves, underground temples, and sacred rivers hold secret entry points to these hidden dimensions. Aghori Shaivites often attempt to communicate with these Ganas in Shmashana sadhana (cemetery meditations).

Are there temples or places associated with these Ganas?

Yes, some ancient sites in India are believed to have a strong connection with subterranean Ganas. Patal Bhuvaneshwar in Uttarakhand is a legendary cave temple said to be an entry point to Shiva’s hidden realms. Ujjain, known for the Mahakaleshwar Temple, is regarded as a gateway to the underworld, where Shiva’s dark forces are believed to be stationed. Gokarna, with its Koti Tirtha Cave, is a site mentioned in legends where Shiva’s Ganas meditated. Varanasi, home to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, is said to be a place where subterranean energies of Shiva rise to bless devotees.

Do other Gods have such beings in subterranean realms?

While Shiva’s Ganas are uniquely associated with transformation and destruction, other gods also have divine attendants in hidden realms. Vishnu’s Nagas are serpent deities in Patala, led by Ananta Shesha. Kali’s Dakinis and Yoginis are esoteric feminine beings in secret Tantric locations. Kubera’s Yakshas are wealth-guarding spirits in underground cities (Alakapuri). Indra’s Maruts are wind warriors who are said to be buried beneath sacred mountains, awakening in times of need. However, Shiva’s Ganas remain the most enigmatic and wild among them.

Conclusion

The concept of Ganas residing in subterranean realms adds a rich and mystical layer to Shaivism. These beings are not just mythological figures but represent the hidden, shadowy aspects of cosmic energy, accessible only to those who seek deeper spiritual truths. Whether guardians of secret wisdom, fierce warriors of destruction, or spectral entities that dissolve negative forces, they continue to intrigue devotees and scholars alike. Their presence in sacred texts, temple legends, and Tantric traditions ensures that they remain an inseparable part of Shiva’s vast and mysterious cosmic entourage.